Push or Pull? The impact of ordering policy choice on the dynamics of a hybrid closed-loop supply chain

We study the dynamic behaviour of a hybrid system where manufacturing and remanufacturing operations occur simultaneously to produce same serviceable inventory for order fulfilment. Such system, commonly found in photocopier personal computer industries, has received considerable attention literature. However, its performance resulting bullwhip effect, under push pull policies, remain unexplored. Relevant analysis would allow considering adoption appropriate control strategies, as some governing rules push-based environment may break down pull-driven systems, vice versa. Using nonlinear theory discrete-time simulation, we develop linearise stylised model, analytically assess push- pull-controlled systems. find product return rate be key influencing factor variance thus, play an important role towards or policy selection. Product demand frequency is another factor, since U-shaped relation it. Moreover, delay shows supplementary impact on system's dynamics. In particular, traditional push-controlled significantly influenced by this if high. The results highlight importance jointly ordering structure characteristics avoidance.